Manage Business Document Design & Development Essay

1. Consider this scenario. You and four friends have developed a new environmentally friendly heater. You all have extensive business experience. Together, you have established a new company, Green Heaters Pty Ltd ACN 512 302 XXX, which will manufacture and sell the new heater to wholesalers. The five of you will comprise the board of directors. The board has forecasted that Green Heaters Pty Ltd will sell 650,000 heaters in the first year and will employ 100 staff. You have been given the task of designing and developing the standard documentation which will be used by Green Heaters Pty Ltd. You must present details of your plans to the board of directors. Prepare a comprehensive report to the board. Explain what you will do to manage the design and development of business documents. Explain details of the methods and processes you will use to produce high quality documents. Provide details of the types of documents which you will produce and how you will ensure that they will be suitable for requirements. Explain the methods you will use to develop standard documents including templates and macros and provide information about any assistance you will need, including details of external sources. Detail the strategies you will use to ensure employees use standard documents productively. Provide information about the proposed organisational policies and procedures which will be implemented to govern the use of standard documents as well as ensure standard documents meet any changing requirements of the organisation in the short and long term. Document Design & Development – Green Heaters Pty Ltd Having recently been charged with the task of designing and developing the business documents of Green Heaters Pty Ltd I would being the process by consulting with the board to determine the organisational requirements so that I could develop a style guide that employees tasked with document production can use to ensure that the organisation requirements are continually met. The style guide will incorporate the organisations style including; 1. Templates 2. Writing Style 3. Filenames 4. Company Logo Use 5. Hyperlinks 6. Headers & Footers 7. Text & Layout 8. Appearance. As Green Heaters Pty Ltd will continually produce high quality documents to publicise and market the environmentally friendly heaters I will investigate the types of equipment that can be purchased, this will be either via a contract or outright, depending on the best option, that can produce high quality documents on recycled paper and with the environment in mind. We would use a desktop publishing program to design and create the documents internally. There will be a number of documents that will need to be developed these will include; Letters Faxes Reports Memos Invoices Quotes Orders Statements Catalogues Emails Employment Applications These documents will need to be developed and tested to ensure that they meet  the organisations requirements. I would have the staff that are responsible for using the documents to test the documents and provide feedback on these to ensure that they are suitable. Whilst a number of documents will be designed and managed as per the style guide there will be numerous documents requiring templates or macros. Therefore due to the number of documents that will be introduced will be templates or have macros for ease of completion. As this can be quite complex I would enlist the services of an external consultant to ensure that the documentation functions as it should. After much research I believe that â€Å"Office Experts† www.accessexperts.com.au would be the ideal firm to use for this as they have a broad range of skills and knowledge. Once the documents had been established a training program would be developed so that staff that are responsible for output are fully trained in the use of the templates and macros. There would also be very detailed instructions on how to use each template and macro to ensure that all documents are produced to Green Heaters Pty Ltd standards. As there will be a large investment in time and also money in developing the standards and templates/macros, there will be continuous reviews of the documents produced by employees to ensure that they are using the documents productively. There will also be feedback forms and focus groups to determine that the current options available to staff suit the purpose and are functioning correctly. The investment that Green Heaters Pty Ltd would need to make to ensure that the style guidelines and organisational requirements are met would include; External contractor to design develop and implement standard documents including templates and macros. External contractor to provide written instructions on how to use the templates and macros. Staff training in use of the templates and macros. Purchase or contract for equipment to complete in-house printing. To ensure that the standards of the design and development of documents are upheld, specific policies and procedures will be developed and implemented, the policies will outline why the specific formats and designs are to be used and the processes will outline, in conjunction with the style guide, the correct way to manage the development of documents. A continual review of the documents will be undertaken to ensure that changes to legislation, branding, technology and document trends are reflected in the policies, processes and style guides.

Analytical Paper: Justin Martyr, First Apology Essay

Justin Martyr was the Greek apologist of Christianity who lived in the 2nd c. A. D. He was famous for his two Apologies (the First Apology dates back to about A. D. 155, rediscovered in 1364 ), and the Dialogue with Trypho. Both Chadwick and Richardson called him one of the most prominent advocates of Christian faith due to the most genuine spirit and voluminosity. The First Apology is addressed to the emperor Antoninus Pius and his confidants. The eloquent speech, which sometimes resembles of Platonic dialogues or defensive declaration in classic court, explains to the hostile prevailing authorities the foundations of Christian theology from the point of a true believer. As Richardson noted, the work was not recklessly structured, so far as it was difficult for commentators â€Å"to find a clear outline. † There is a scheme of the Apology given in chapter 23, though it â€Å"is hard to follow through in detail. † However, Richardson observed a distinctive rhetorical scheme consisting of seven themes: Plea for a Fair Hearing (chs. 1 to 8), The Faith and Life of Christians (chs. 9 to 20), Superiority of Christianity to Paganism (chs. 21 to 29), The Argument from Prophecy (chs. 30 to 53), Paganism an Imitation of Christianity (chs. 54 to 60), Christian Worship (chs. 61 to 67), and Conclusion (ch. 68) (1953, 236). Thus, the First Apology topically consists of the appeal to the Pagan Emperors who used to prosecute early Christians, the description of Christian theological position, the comparison of Pagan and Christian faiths, the overview of Biblical prophecies in regard to Jesus Christ, the account of Christian traditions (Eucharist, prays, etc. ) and the summary of previous argumentations. Justin addressed the Emperor and his relatives as philosophers and lovers of culture in the name of people regardless of nationality being â€Å"unjustly hated and reviled† for their faith. The apologist evidently held the hearers for humans being able to follow reason. More than that, Justin Martyr called for the high reputation of the Emperor as the pillar of justice who could not send a criminal to death before conviction but, nevertheless, illogically did not pause to murder Christians. The author swept aside the suspicions that he would flatter higher authorities, or try to seek their indulgent protection. Instead, Justin suggested that the listeners should voluntary â€Å"give judgment according to strict and exact inquiry† without â€Å"prejudice or respect for superstitious men, or by irrational impulse and long-established evil rumor. † No doubt that the author built his argument as if he was a solicitor speaking before the trial jury. In evidence of his firm and sincere position of a Christian, he exclaimed, For we are firmly convinced that we can suffer no evil unless we are proved to be evildoers or shown to be criminals. You can kill us, but cannot do us any real harm. Justin’s discourse is founded on the concept of reason and truth. He juxtaposed the negative rule of custom to the positive guidance of truth. The apologist’s conceptualization of truth linked to the one of justice even at the cost of life, as well as to the most perfect embodiment of Reason, God. Justin warned his audience, â€Å"if those who learn [the truth] do not do what is right, they have no defense before God. † Chadwick stated that, according to the apologist, â€Å"the gospel and the best elements in Plato and the Stoics are almost identical ways of apprehending the same truth. † It seems to be true that Justin did not afraid to appellate to the authority of pagan philosophers, Plato and Socrates. The latter â€Å"made the race of men endowed with intelligence, able to choose the truth and do right, so that all men are without excuse before God, for they were made with the powers of reason and observation. † He was executed for denouncing the power of evil demons who seduced humans and made them act wickedly. Justin found that there were parallels between the Stoics’ catastrophic comprehension of the world and â€Å"the eschatological fire of God’s judgement. † Still, the Christian spirit proclaimed by Justin is closer to Plato’s teaching. For example, in regard to death and martyrdom the apologist seemed to echo the Greek philosopher in the utterance, â€Å"we are not troubled by being put to death, since we will have to die somehow in any case. † The Christian idea of eternal punishment for sinners and salvation for true and virtuous believers, when â€Å"the souls of the unrighteous will be punished after death, still remaining in conscious existence, and those of the virtuous, delivered from punishments, will enjoy happiness,† also seems to correspond with Plato’s ideas. It looks as if Justin assigned both philosophers and the prophets of the Old Testament to the one and the same position. He argued that Plato in his saying that, â€Å"The blame belongs to him who chooses, and God is free from blame,† sounded like the prophet Moses. The concept of Divinity as bodiless and formless substance having created the Universe traveled from one philosophic mind to another. Justin seemed to view the role of the Old Testament prophets in paving the road to the descending of Jesus Christ to people to redeem them of sins and evil. Justin wrote, â€Å"There were among the Jews certain men who were prophets of God, through whom the prophetic Spirit announced in advance events that were to occur. † One may assume that the apologist had knowledge of human psychology and community behavior. He assumed that â€Å"God testified in advance through the prophetic Spirit that things which are unbelievable and thought impossible among men would happen, so that when this should occur it would not be disbelieved, but received with faith because it had been predicted. † Citing the Bible, Justin analyzed the evidence from the Old Testament in regard to the events of the New Testament. He stated further that there were even more events to have been predicted by ancient prophets and there would be the second epiphany of Christ to Earth. Justin Martyr was a pioneer in underlining the Christian emphasis on spirit and dismissing human flesh as the driving cause for any acts and events. According to him, Christians were outstanding in their â€Å"longing for the life which is eternal and pure. † When the writer compared the pagan tradition of portraying gods as the objects of craft, he stressed that it was disgusting because of craftsmen’s licentious habits. He recalled ancient accounts of pagan gods living material life in contrast to Christian God who â€Å"has no need of material offerings from men, considering that he is the provider of all. † It is interesting to observe how Justin tried to build the hierarchy of three Christian deities: the Father, the Son and the Spirit. He made his best to explain that Christians honored Jesus as occupying the second place in the system, whereas the prophetic Spirit was in the third rank. He dwelt in details on the teaching of Jesus where people were taught to love and trust each other, live in purity and clarity of thought and deed. That formed a sharp contrast to the pagan traditions of prostitution, greed, lust and wilderness. Justin put Christianity superior to Paganism because Christian God let believers â€Å"not to consume by fire the things he has made for our nourishment, but to devote them to our use and those in need, in thankfulness to him sending up solemn prayers and hymns for our creation. † Christian God pursued the genuine truth and did not enjoy prejudices and human blindness in referencing to the truth. Involuntary, Justin sometimes made similar Christian and Pagan deities. However, he immediately tried to explain those analogies â€Å"as imitations of the truth inspired by the devil, who with foresight and sagacity has thereby tried to inoculate men against the gospel by caricatures of the Incarnation or of the virgin birth or of baptism and the eucharist. † What is the use of Justin’s First Apology in the Roman and modern period? First, he addressed plain people who craved after the main idea for their lives. Second, he integrated the new teaching in the sequence of human thought to change the outliving mode of political and spiritual life. Third, he was â€Å"utterly frank and open-hearted† in describing the emerging faith. So far as his theological contribution is concerned, Justin was artful enough â€Å"to piece together a mosaic providing a clear and surprisingly full account of his doctrines of God, Creation, Incarnation, Atonement, the Church, the sacraments of baptism and eucharist, and the Last Things. † Richardson admitted in his turn that Justin Martyr stood apart from other apologists in his warm and human tone: â€Å"Most of the other Apologists lead their reader to the door of the church [†¦] while Justin opens it and tells a good deal about what goes on inside. † Bibliography Chadwick, Henry. Early Christian Thought and the Classical Tradition: Studies in Justin, Clement, and Origen. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984. Richardson, Cyril Charles. Early Christian Fathers. Philadelphia, PA: Westminster Press, 1953.

Milton Paradise Lost Commentary

The Renaissance era represents a complete break with the Middle Ages on a political, philosophical, scientifical and theological scale. Indeed, the discovery of new territories and the expeditions of explorers such as Francis Drake, the resurgence of classic writtings, the new scientific outbreaks of Copernicus, Newton and Galilei as well as the Protestant reformation led by Luther and his 95 Theses, triggered a will for knowledge and a quest for truth, thus putting an end to the intellectual hegemony of the Roman Catholic Church in Western Europe. Intellectuals of this era began to think on mankind, looking for answers outside of the Religious constraints. Written during this context of political and religious upheaval, Paradise Lost, an epic poem published in 1667 in ten books, reflects in a way the great changes of the Renaissance. This poem, written by John Milton (December 1608 – November 1674), an English poet, polemicist and civil servant, tell the Christian story of the creation of the Earth, the fall of Satan and the Fall of Man. As a puritan, Milton, who had already attacked the Church for its corruption in Lycidas (1637), give this classical Christian tale puritan traits (such as the protrayal of Eve as a dedicated worker). The passage under study is taken from Book 9 of Paradise lost. In this book, the narrator focuses on the disobedience of Adam and Eve. Satan returns to the Garden of Eden eight days after his banishment by Gabriel to avenge himself. Adam and Eve , preparing for their labors, decide to work separatly , even if Adam is anxious that eve would be an easy prey to Satan’s temptation . In this passage we can see the approach of the Satan , (the snake) and the begining of his temptation that will lead Eve to eat the prohibited fruit. We can clearly see that Milton here uses a mix of Classical and Judeo-christian mythology to tell this tale. We can thus wonder In which way he uses these influences, and why he uses them ? In a first part we will see that the Serpent is a symbol of temptation, and in a second part we wll analyse Milton’s uses of Classical mythology. First, Milton depicts the snake which Satan is possessing, as an incredibly beautiful animal. The main strategy of Satan to try to corrupt the naive mind of Eve is to appear as a magnificent snake. According to the narrator, his physical appearance is so pleasing that never a snake will be as beautiful (on verse 504 â€Å"pleasing was his shape, and lovely, never since a serpent lovelier†). To describe the snake, the narrator use the lexical field of precious material: â€Å"carbuncle his eyes† on verse 500, â€Å"neck of verdent gold† on verse 501. Here Satan seems to have chosen a snake whose appearance can attract Eve only because his similitude with precious material. In a kind of materialist temptation, he tries to appeal to Eve inner sin of cupidity to seduce her. But there is something paradoxical in the way the snake is depicted as a beautiful creature. Indeed, the snake is often assimilated with death, the venom of some species of snakes such as the cobra can kill a man in less than one hour. It also an animal that generate instinctive fear in most human (and occurence of Ophidiophobia can be found everywhere). Here death and beauty become assimilated in one animal. It can thus be perceived as personification of the treachery of satan: behind the beaty of his rethoric, of his discourse hides a terrible fates, the banishment of Man from Heaven. This can also underline the interest of humans for macabre, dark topics. We can see since the dawn of age exemples of this morbid attraction of the Human race: public executions had always (and still do) gathered a lot of people around the death of a single man as well as we can see every day the impact (and also its capacity of generating profits) of a news involving the mysterious death of a movie star, of the murder of a whole family by its patriarch. As we know, Satan has chosen this animal, maybe he relies on this fascination to attract eve attention. We can also notice that the serpent can be interpreted as a phallic symbol. On verse 498 to 502 the snake is described as a â€Å"circular base that towered folds above folds a surprising maze [†¦ ] with burnished neck [†¦ ] erect amidst his circling spires†. Thus the snake appears as a symbol of virility, a phallic form erecting from the ground and can be understood as another strategy of Satan to cajole Eve into trusting him. On the other hand this links made by Milton between sensuality and religion can be seen as a hint of the influence of the metaphysical poetry on his writting: this link beeing one of the interest of the metaphysical poets who were contemporary with Milton. Then the snake can be analysed as a symbol of corruption and of perfidy. Satan uses a disguise, a snake to talk to eve. He uses his beauty, his eloquence to seduce her. His wave movements, looking like a dance, and his attitude (â€Å"Fawning, and licking the ground whereon she strod† on verse 526) can be interpreted as a nuptial parade with the snake laying on the primal instinct (which are restricted by religion) of Man to attract Eve in his trap. It is also interesting to note that the occurence of the word Satan is, as Satan himself, disguised in this passage. Here Satan is refered to as â€Å"the snake† or â€Å"the enemy of mankind† on verse 494. The word Satan can only be seen if the reader looks closely at the poem: an acrostic is hidden from verse 510 to 515. This clever technic reflects the vicious strategy of the Devil in the passage. Satan’s main strategy to talk Eve into beliving that she has the right to eat the apple is flattery. The Devil choose to tempt Eve because he was afraid of Adam’s intelligence which could have be an obstacle to his scheme. Thus he constantly celebrate eve beauty and superiority of others God’s creature to put her in a position where she can feel free to act as she wants. From verse 532 to the end of the passage the snake states that eve is â€Å"sole wonder†, that she is a â€Å"universally admired† â€Å"celestial beauty† that should be â€Å" a goddes among gods, adored and served by angels numberless†. The snake thus seems to contradict Gods Hierarchy of creation, The Great Chain of Being. According to him, Eve is higher than all the other creations of god, and should be sitting just next to god, just as the Holy Spirit and Jesus. In this passage the snake is the voices that question god authority and urges Eve to more freedom which appears, in the eyes of God as an Heresy. Hence a parallel can be drawn betwen the questioning of God’s Hierarchy by the snakes and the questioning of God’s Hierarchy by the new theories about cosmos expressed by scientists such as Copernic who were at the time seen as Heretics, devilish prophets and treated as such. Now that we have seen in which way the snakes represents a symbol of temptation embodying as well as the Biblical symbol of sin, the Renaissance questioning of God’s Hierarchy, we are going to see and analyse Milton’s use of Classic Mythology in this passage. First Milton’s use of Classic reference in his text can be interpreted as a perversions of those myths. In this passage he uses three myth to illustrate the action. He first refers to the tale of Hermione and Cadmus taken from Metamorphoses written by Ovid in AD 8. According to this classic of Latin literature they were both transformed into snakes in an act of vengence from the Gods. Then he refers to transformation of â€Å"Amonian Jove† and â€Å"Capitoline† into snakes to seduce and â€Å"mate† with Olympias and the mother of Scipio to give birth of two of the most famous and glorious war chief of both hellenistic and Roman era: Alexander the Great and Scipio Africanus. We can notice that Milton cleverly used myth in which the snakes as a role close to the one it has in the Bible. Concerning Ovid, the snakes is an object of temptation for which Hermione yields and is thus punished by being transformed in a snake. Concerning the myth of the birth of Alexender and Scipio, the snakes, just as in the Bible, is in fact a deity in disguise, seducing a woman. But if we look closely, these myth appeared to be perverted. In the classical myth, the deity or characters who are transformed into a snake are great and nobles characters: Cadmus is the founder of Thebes, and Amonian Jove and Capitoline are Jupiter. In paradise lost, the snake is Satan, the personification of rebellion against God’s will and of all the Human Sins. In this antithetic linking of diverse mythology, Milton wants to contrast Satan perfidy with classical characters nobility while underlining common themes. He thus appeals to a particular knowledge of his readers. On the other hand , the author’s use of classical mythology in this text can be seen as another influence of the metaphysical poetry on the Milton. Mixing diverse sources of knowledge to build his imagery is a technic used by metaphysiacal poets such as John Donne. But when others metaphysical poets mixed scientific, geographical, astronomical discoveries with theology and philospy, Milton just mixed Judeo-christian religious myths with classical myths. Even if this influence is small, it is sufficient to guess that Milton, contemporaneous with Donne, Herbert, Henry or Crashaw, has drawn some inspiration from the work of these poets. Moreover, Milton use of Classical mythology is representative of the Renaissance. Indeed, it clearly illustrates the resurgence of classical works during this era. Every arts had been affected by this tendency, in paintings, the classical style was a new fashion, the subjects taken from greek mythology began to be more and more numerous, Michaelangelo being a good exemple in both the sculpture and painting field. This resurgence has also an impact on architecture (with the building of houses, mansions, official buildign following the principle of the straight line) , on philosophy ( the â€Å"raison† and the re-reading of the platonician and socratic philosophy) as well as on literature. Thus Milton appears as an exemple of this new interest ofr the classical literrature, and htis work, Paradise lost, embodies this feature of the Renaissance. Finally, as we have seen, Milton uses his main influence, the Bible, to depicts the snake as a symbol of temptation and perfidy and uses his other influence, the classical mythology, in a perversion of the myths to develop his imagery. Furthermore, analysing this text, we can see that Milton was also influenced by the Metaphysical Poets in his uses of mixed sources as well as the use of the theme of the link between sensuality and religion. This book, which is now one of the most famous piece of english poetry, had a great influence on following artists such as Blake who considered Milton as the major English Poet and Edmond Burke and the Romantic theory, asserting â€Å"No person seems better to have understood the secret of heightening, or of setting terrible things, if I may use the expression, in their strongest light, by the force of a judicious obscurity than Milton. † , valuating his exploration of blank verse. Milton also had a great impact on the English language by creating neologism that are still used today such as pand?monium, enslaved, satanic and self-esteem.

Case study Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case study Questions - Essay Example Terra Firma gained a good reputation for providing some of the leading medical technology equipment in the world. The good reputation helped to increase their goodwill value of these firms. Another way that these customers benefitted was from the increasing profits due to high level of demand of their products. This was because of the efficiency that they got from Terra Firmas products. The products also used some little time to scan and get the results. In addition, they were cost effective. Beneficiaries such as patients who required some x rays paid little money for the services that used little time. Terra Firma is facing challenges in order to stay put in the market. Just as the firm perceived its operation to be ongoing in the right direction, it has faced a number of challenges. One thing that the company has realized is that the router nose-dives once it is overfed with connection request packets, which prompts a chain of response that has led to botch of both primary and secondary network switches in the main data center. Another challenge that Terra Firma is facing in order to stay put in the market is the challenge of testing its products. Since its shift to medical software development, the company has been experiencing this challenge. This is because it requires people to be tested therefore, providing a bigger challenge to the firm. The other challenge is bringing back online the missing log files, corrupted database tables, and inconsistent application data. These challenges requires weeks of dreary effort and execution of manual recovery procedures. One of the goals of the company is to have a worldwide reach in order to gain a large market share. The strategy Terra Firma has put forth is to open as many branches as it could in order to gain the global reach. As a result, Terra Firma has opened branches in countries such as US, UK, japan, Germany, Australia and Singapore. Terra firma

Inclusive sport in UK society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Inclusive sport in UK society - Essay Example With this, there are a lot of individuals who are prompted to involve and even develop themselves into several sporting events. There are statistical data which states that there are national or professional athletes who are not passionate with the sport that they are playing but do play because of money. In dealing with this, one might say that sporting in UK would mean career and employment opportunities for some. There are a lot of spectators who are saying that these kinds of occurrences really prompted people to go on several sports as a career. However, they also stated that some even though not that physically capable and deserving are pushing them to become a part of the national team or play on major commercial leagues. Such occurrences are well-documented. In further dealing with this, there are also irregularities and deprivation which are happening in different fields of sports in UK. These occurrences have something to do with racism, gender and sometimes social status between the rich and the poor and the disabled one. In dealing with this, a thinking that playing sport as a right of an individual is now replaced by the thought that the privileged ones are those who could enjoy a sporting event to the fullest as well as the perks and incentives encircling it should a certain individual be hired and open a career as a sportsman. In this case, several instances occurred in dealing with this issue, UNESCO has reported several instances involving racial discrimination even in professional football league in UK. There are a lot of accounted deprivations and discrimination of some individuals in sports played in UK in which they were not given equal opportunities with regards to playing time, exposures and the likes. In November 2000, unesco.org have reported that "Three days into England's new football season and Patrick Vieira, France's World Cup and Euro 2000 winning midfield player, is dismissed while playing for Arsenal against Liverpool, earning his second red card in as many matches. The British press is quick to speculate that he will quit the English game, invoking the player's own accusations that he has been subject to "racist" intimidation from players and officials alike. According to Vieira, he is being singled out for abuse not because he is black, but because he is French-a complaint previously made by expat footballers like Eric Cantona, Frank Leboeuf and Emmanuel Petit-Only months before, a defender playing for West Ham faced disciplinary charges after allegedly calling Vieira a "French prat" and joking that "he could smell the garlic" when the midfielder spat at him" Issues and controversies surrounding inclusive sport in UK society 3 Furthermore, UNESCO (2000) stressed that such incidents are just replication of history adding that "In England, the cradle of football hooliganism, the debate over racism in football has evolved. Overt racism among supporters and abuse directed at black players, both of which flourished in the 1970s and 1980s, have declined steeply in recent years in the face of vociferous public campaigning, though residual pre-judices against foreign players have evidently been unaffected. Elsewhere, in

The unique features of Newar Buddhism and their development Essay

The unique features of Newar Buddhism and their development - Essay Example This study will be concentrated on the special features of Newar Buddhism with regard to its organizational structure and major activities of its Sa-gha . In order to outline and evaluate the complex connections among the many important factors, this discussion shall be divided into three parts. A brief historic synopsis will give a general overview of the evolution of Buddhism in Nepal. Then the relevant features of Newar Buddhism, with respect to its own evolution, shall be presented. Finally, in the last part, there will be made an attempt to evaluate the influence of these features on the decline of Newar Buddhism. The mythology of Nepal reaches far back to countless eons, accounting for the lives of twenty-four previous mortal Buddhas4. According to the myth, the Katmandu Valley was a lake before Maà ±juÅ›rÄ « drained it with his sword to make it inhabitable. However, even in more recent times legends have remained difficult to separate from historic facts.5 The first of the five historic periods of the Katmandu Valley lasts until the 5th century AD and includes mythical and semi-mythical dynasties, such as the GopÄ la, the AhÄ «r and the KirÄ ta6. At least the KirÄ ta are known from traditional chronicles, and are said to have ruled the Katmandu Valley during the time of ÅšÄ kyamuni Buddha. The first major Indian power that recorded in relations to the Katmandu Valley was the early Gupta dynasty (1st – 4th century AD).7 Whereas Ashoka’s earlier visit to Kapilavasu in the 3rd century BC is accepted by historians, his alleged visit to the Katmandu Valley is not. The second period refers to the rule over a small area within the Katmandu Valley by the aristocratic Licchavi family (about 464 – 880 AD), which is known as the first line of Nepalese kings.8 The Chinese pilgrim Hsà ¼an-tsang recorded that various monasteries (Skt vihÄ ras) existed9 in the 7th century side by side with Hindu temples.

See below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

See below - Essay Example the experiences of the six year old protagonist, ‘Scout’ who learns the harsh facts of the life and comes out a winner because they teach her the fundamental lesson that life is not always easy to understand and all people, irrespective of color, race or social status have the right to live with dignity. She learnt that â€Å"you never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view..† (Atticus, 30). The book has been a reflection of the experiences of the author who had seen the destructive and irredeemable harms of the racial discriminatory practices that were deliberately inflicted on the less privileged segment of the society. It is true that early twentieth century did see some constitutional reforms regarding racial discrimination but unfortunately till 1960s, little efforts were made to implement them. The book has explored the crucial issue of racial prejudices in a manner that has managed to stir the sensitivity of the masses provoking them to question the legitimacy of such practices in the times when America was advocating for democratic values and equal rights. Its has aptly been titled in the light of the prevailing social paradigms that supported the oppressions of the black and believed them to be inferior. The book revolves around the family of the protagonist, Scout, her brother Jem and their father Atticus Finch, a well respected lawyer, who is against any racial or class prejudice and instills the same values in his two children. They live in a southern Alabama in Maycomb where the impact of great depression is visible in its class division. â€Å"People moved slowly then†¦ nothing to buy, and no money to buy it with..† (Scout, 11).  The father teaches the important values through examples and says "..but before I can live with other folks Ive got to live with myself.   The one thing that doesnt abide by majority rule is a persons conscience" (Atticus, 114). He employs a colored woman, Calpurnia as his

To find out whether consumer confidence in online purchasing has Essay

To find out whether consumer confidence in online purchasing has increased or decreased over the last few years - Essay Example n evaluating the trends of online buying (as identified through the empirical research made on the specific issue); even the indications regarding the consumer preferences around the world – regarding the goods/ services offered online – seem to present significant differentiations. In most cases, the motives that lead consumers to purchase online are not clearly identified; however confidence has been proved to be a quite important criterion on which the decision of consumers to purchase online is based. The above assumption is proved not only through the studies published in the literature but also through the empirical research conducted for this paper. More specifically, a high number of consumers (approximately 185) have participated in a survey that has been conducted online; the results indicate that when having to purchase a specific good or service, consumers think first its potential availability in the Internet; if the specific good/ product is available onli ne then it will be preferred by the consumers; of course the relevant decision is always based on specific criteria (quality of the product, price, availability and so on) but mostly on the confidence of the consumer on the particular firm; the development of this confidence through the last years is analytically examined in this study. The development of Internet around the world has offered a significant support to all commercial firms that have chosen to enter the WWW in order to promote their activities. The level of improvement of corporate activities because of the intervention of Internet cannot be precisely estimated – different levels of success have been noticed across the various firms in modern market in accordance with the preparations made by their managers towards the incorporation of Internet as a valuable strategic tool as well as the perceptions of consumers towards the relevant efforts. In other words, it is possible that operating through the Internet is profitable for the

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Globalization - Essay Example There is virtually no area of business that is not opportunistic for globalization if the organisation is focused on finding new market opportunities, identifying opportunities for exportation, and strengthening global business relationships with foreign organisations. Consumer behaviour characteristics, related to a variety of products produced both domestically and internationally, also play a role in defining globalization. These are cultural elements that are driven by social characteristics and the economic status of a region. As the need for raw products continues to grow, new procurement avenues and education regarding manufacturing drives globalization efforts. New trade agreements support globalization as businesses spread their knowledge in the form of acquisitions, mergers and other business partnerships in order to enhance competitiveness. By most practical definitions, globalization is taking a self-sustaining industry and extending it beyond borders to improve the socia l well-being of local and foreign citizens and improving the infrastructure that drives business activities in a variety of segments. Four drivers of globalization in Belgium One aspect associated with Belgium that drives globalization efforts is the local cultural dimensions that exist as related to business practices and social identity. Belgium, under Hofstede’s model of cultural practices, maintains a culture that is risk averse, known under this model as uncertainty avoidance. Belgium business leaders demand its internal political structure that drives the hierarchy to consist of clear choices with a strong rationale, expects senior leadership to produce detailed plans before launching any effort linked to finance, and develop contingency plans in the event of potential failure (Donnison, 2008). The Uncertainty Avoidance Index consists of Belgium business cultures that have little tolerance for ambiguity and demand a very rigid structure in most business objectives. This risk-averse culture drives globalization in a way that is unique from other countries with less uncertainty avoidance. Rather than extended business into multiple foreign markets, Belgium demands its partnerships to include very detailed schematics and plans before making an investment decision. Belgium businesses would rather maintain control over its organisational principles and financial decision-making, therefore it allows much more foreign direct investment directly into the country rather than seeking expansion to foreign territories. As one example, Belgium’s culture dictates a need for domestic controls, therefore when new business acquisitions or mergers are necessary in order to achieve higher profitability or improve domestic production capabilities, Belgium will seek out partners to bring their own knowledge and skills directly into the country. This has provided many opportunities for investors in a multitude of industries to enter the Belgium consumer and indu strial markets, without Belgium having to sacrifice its long-standing social and business principles. This has opened new market opportunities for foreign countries to expand their marketing and sales presence, along with industrial exports, thus improving supply chain, expanding international knowledge in management and technology, and

Environment Hormone Mimics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Environment Hormone Mimics - Assignment Example They may result in developmental disorders such as birth defects and cancerous tumors. Scientists and medical experts have established that environmental hormone mimics cause cognitive and brain developmental problems, such as severe attention deficit disorder and learning disabilities. They can also cause physical deformations of various parts of the body such as limbs, and can cause sexual, developmental problems including the feminization of males or producing of masculine characteristics in females (Colborn, Saal & Soto, 1993). Hormones control most of the human body’s functions. They range from the maintenance of body heat, to growth and reproduction. For example, the pituitary and adrenal glands each secrete several hormones. Once released, these hormones travel to their target cells through the blood, where they bind to their receptors in a ‘lock and key’ fashion. Their binding triggers intracellular machinery, which brings about the desired response from the cell. Although hormones are quite large and complex molecules, they interact with their receptors in a rather simple way which simpler chemicals can emulate. However, only the hormone can elicit the normal response that result from binding to its receptors. The mimicking molecules only bind to the receptors, but do not trigger the desired response associated with the hormone. Thus, it prevents the hormone from binding to the receptor and elicits an undesired response. Some hormone mimics act by latching onto the hormone receptor and triggering a spurious response which may send associated body functions into overdrive. Consequently, the essential body function the hormone mediates alters in an adverse way. Ultimately, pathological states result which interfere with the life of the affected person or may even be lethal. The first of such hormone mimics to be identified had a tendency to

Disease Causation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Disease Causation - Essay Example The causes of the condition involves persons who smoke, people with high blood pressure, high cholesterol body levels and those suffering from diabetes. Risk factors for developing the condition depend on the individual’s age, medical condition, gender and their lifestyle choices. Most individuals especially men just like Steve are prone to acquiring the condition past the age of 50 years (Lockhart et al., 2012). Other risk factors for acquiring the condition includes diabetes, cigarette smoking, overweight and obese individuals, hypertension, high blood cholesterol levels and persons who have a history of a heart disease in the family. In regards to the information, Steve is at a great risk of acquiring the condition. Since he is overweight and lives a sedimentary life lacking any physical exercise. He is a smoker, he is also at a risk of acquiring diabetes, hypertension or a heart disease since there is a history of these chronic illnesses that are genetic (Fowkes et al., 20 13). Moreover, his blood pressure is high as it is above the normal range. Fowkes, F. G. R., Rudan, D., Rudan, I., Aboyans, V., Denenberg, J. O., McDermott, M. M., ... & Criqui, M. H. (2013). Comparison of global estimates of prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2000 and 2010: a systematic review and analysis.  The Lancet,  382(9901), 1329-1340. Jauch, E. C., Saver, J. L., Adams Jr, H. P., Bruno, A., Connors, J. J., Demaerschalk, B. M., ... & Yonas, H. (2013). on behalf of the American Heart Association Stroke Council, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease, and Council on Clinical Cardiology. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.  Stroke,  44(3), 870-947. Lockhart, P. B., Bolger, A. F., Papapanou, P. N., Osinbowale, O., Trevisan, M., Levison, M. E., ... & Baddour, L. M.

Katie and Rudolfs wedding day Essay Example for Free

Katie and Rudolfs wedding day Essay Rodolfo then narrates a story of the most memorable moment in his life; this also gives away a lot of information about his character. He informs us that he got to perform in a hotel because the entertainer was ill. He boasts about how he sang without a single mistake. This shows us that Rodolfo loves being the centre of attention and is probably a keen romantic. From his speech I also gained that hes the type of person whos not afraid to show his feelings. Rodolfo is then persuaded by Katie to sing for them. Rodolfo isnt hesitant and he gets up and begins to sing. Katie was obviously enjoying it. I got the impression that she really liked him. Eddie then firmly tells Rodolfo to stop singing. This was infuriating to the audience, as Eddie obviously picked up on the fact that Katie liked Rodolfo. Also he was probably jealous of the attention Rodolfo was getting. After all Eddie is used to being the only man around the house and he is used to getting attention off of Katie. Beatrice makes a comment that acquires the audience pondering over whether Eddie fancies Catherine. All through the play Eddie has been trying to stop her from seeing other men or even walking past them, so the audience already had slight suspicions. But Beatrices remark about them not having sex for three months makes the audience wonder even more about whether Eddie has sexual feelings for his niece. Beatrice also asks When am I going to be a wife again Eddie? Which made me feel sorry for Beatrice as she obviously loves him very much and cant grasp why he doesnt love her the same way. This section of the play, backs up any past evidence of Eddie fancying Katie. Rodolfo offers to take Katie to Times Square one evening. Eddie doesnt allow them to go. He seems jealous and probably is, but he attempts to disguise his jealousy as concern for Rodolfos well being. He says its because immigration might catch them, but the audience suspect otherwise. I again felt tremendously irritated by Eddies behaviour. I also think this is when Beatrice picks up on Eddies feelings for Katie. I felt incredibly bothered by Eddies actions in this section of the play, because he punches Rodolfo. He makes a blatant attempt to disguise it as an accident, which was easily done, as he was play fighting with Rodolfo. Marco sees through Eddies attempt and is angry. He cunningly threatens Eddie by lifting up a chair with one hand over his head, this shows his strength, and he then asks Eddie if he can do it. He says it as if to tell Eddie to leave his brother alone, or hell have him to deal with. Eddie tries to lift the chair but doesnt manage it. I think this is the first time in the play Eddie finds it a strain having a stronger male figure in his house. Alfieri is a key character in the play as he is very prophetic and predicts that there will be a tragic outcome. When Eddie visits Alfieri regarding legally preventing Rodolfo seeing Katie, Alfieri advises him to let them be. Eddie is defiant and ignores Alfieris advice and ships Rodolfo and Marco anonymously to immigration.  Immigration arrives at the house and both Rodolfo and Marco are arrested. At this point I felt exceptionally upset as Katie and Rodolfo had found love and Marco was working to feed his family. Eddie had hit a new low, this was unforgivable. Luckily Rodolfo was allowed to stay in the country as he was getting married to Catherine and becoming a citizen. But Marco was going to be sent back, so from this Eddie gained nothing but hatred from his family, as they all suspected and knew it was him. Marco was UN describingly furious with Eddie and threatened to kill him.  Eddie tried to explain his actions to Katie by saying that Rodolfo was trying to use her for a passport. This upset Katie and I was upset for her too. Eddie should not have interfered. The tragic and inevitable ending comes on Katie and Rudolfs wedding day. Eddie does everything in his power to prevent Beatrice from attending her nieces wedding. Rodolfo tries to apologise to Eddie, which I thought was a nice gesture but in my opinion Rodolfo wasnt in the wrong. To that Eddie replies, Its not Rodolfo thats stolen my name, Its Marco He then demands to see Marco. Its at this point in the play where Eddie cracks. Before, he made his feelings known without being too upfront and obvious, but now he seems to erupt like a volcano and makes his hatred for Marco and Rodolfo known. In an attempt to prevent Eddie from locating Marco, Beatrice brings up the subject of Eddies true feelings for Katie. Beatrice knows this is a touchy subject and is certain this is the reason why Eddie has been acting so bizarrely the past couple of months. Eddie is outraged that his wife would think of him like that. He just replies by saying Is that what you think of me, huh? Then rapidly changing the subject back to Marco he storms off in a rage to track him down. Eddie finds Marco and demands Marco apologises to him. Marco refuses and declares that Eddie should be apologising to him. A brawl commences and the tragic ending we had been waiting for, for the duration of the play comes to a head. Marco stabs Eddie in front of several spectators. Despite what Eddie had done Katie still kneels at his frozen body weeping, as does Beatrice. I think this is when you feel most upset for Eddie since although he made a mistake or two, in my opinion he didnt deserve to loose his life for it. I also felt sorry for Beatrice because she lost her husband and also for Katie because she had lost yet another father figure.

The Indian Construction Industry Construction Essay

The Indian Construction Industry Construction Essay Abstract The project mainly depends on the health and safety issues in India and UK construction industry. The Construction industry contributes most of the countrys economy for both UK and India. At the same time the issues related to health and safety is increasing in both the countries. The measures taken on workers safety are insufficient even though workers play a major role in all construction projects. This dissertation mainly focuses on the health and safety of the workers involved in construction projects. During this process the researcher has well understood about the construction industry and has collected background information about the UK construction and Indian construction industry in order to make a sufficient development in the construction industry. In this process the researcher has compared the health and safety issues of the UK and Indian construction industry. For this research, the researcher has used the secondary data research, since the methodology is genuine and it was arduous task to gather materials through books, journals and articles. Chapter I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Construction industry provides employment for around 180 million people and contributes 7% of global employment. The industry is tarnished for its reputation as Dirty, Difficulty and Dangerous the three Ds (Murie, 2007, pp. 5 7). According to International labour organization, the industry which accounts 7% of the global employment is responsible for 30 to 40 percent of worlds fatal injuries. The Construction industry is not a homogeneous sector due to its nature of work involved. It is composed of various competitive firms; the majority is who brought together for one, bespoke project before transferring to other projects. Construction industrys characteristics are in controversial behaviour, lack of co-ordination, lack of customer focus, deprived co-ordination and lack of investment in research and development. In most of the building projects clients raise their demands and cut down the initial capital and ongoing operational and maintenance costs set against an already competitive industry. Construction organisations are under pressure to develop or implement innovative technologies and practices in order to satisfy their demands (sexton et al, 2005). Construction industry has a poor reputation for lack of innovation, and for being slow to adopt new technologies. Occurrence of large number of fatal accidents and poor health and safety concern of the labourers is the main drawback of construction industry. As per International Labour Organization (ILO), in construction industry the rate of fatal accidents is 60,000 per year. Also about 30% of labourers are affected by health problems such as musculoskeletal disorders, back pains and other bone related health issues. All the construction industries are temporary in nature. In most of the projects the progress is delayed mainly due to human errors, which results in contract penalties. The employees of construction industry have a great value at all levels, in particular the construction site managers and the foremen as they have the main responsibility to maintain health and safety in the construction sites. It is very important to be updated with regards to the new legislations and recent developments (Hughes and Ferret, 2008). The main concern over number of years of health and safety issues in construction industry particularly in 2006/2007 when there was a rapid increase of 28% in construction fatalities. The legal health and safety requirements for all places are of numerous and complex. (Hughes and Ferret, 2008). 1.2 Background of the study India is the second fastest growing economy of the world at present. India has recorded one of the highest growth rates in the 1990s (P.R. Swarup. 2006-07).Construction industry in India is the second largest industry. The construction industry employs around 17.62 million worker shall comprise 55% of the unskilled, 27% skilled labour and rest consists of support and technical staff (Kulkarni, 2007). Even though there is a great increase work force, the industry remained labour intensive due to financial constraints often employs hazardous technology and relatively inexpensive this is particularly true for unorganized small scale sectors (Brindha, 2005) The construction projects often face complex situations due to bad weather conditions. Most of the workers in this industry are drawn from low income groups who face predictable occupational injuries and illness. The construction workers die from work related trauma at a rate three times higher and suffer from dermatologic conditions, hearing loss, musculoskeletal, and lung diseases when compare to workers from other industries. In particular, the national cost from lost production, worker compensation and medical care and other related claims remains very high, which contributed cost $7billion annually (NIH, 1993). In India, there are no authentic data in respect of the accident rates, and the prevention and causes taken by the industry. However, one study reported 165 per 1000 workers get injured during construction activities. This is very high compared to the rates in the developed countries and even certain developing countries (Damodaran, 2006). In India, the construction industry is regulated by the following acts. The Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulations of Employment and Conduct of Service) Act, 1996. The Building and Other Construction Workers Cess Act, 1996, The Contract Labour Act, 1970. The Inter-State Migrant Labourers of Employment Conditions of Service Act, 1979. Construction workers do not get benefit under the Employees State Insurance Act 1948, but are covered by the Workman Compensation Act, 1923 (Parveen Patil, 2009). The Britains Construction Industry is said to be one of the safest in Europe, and industry is in a period of strong growth with the infrastructure and constructive sectors. The UK construction sector output is the second largest in Europe and contributes about 8.2% of the nations Gross Value Added and 8% of Gross Domestic Product and construction outputs of  £102.4 billion at current percent. The UK construction industry employs more than 2 million people, this is because the mature of work they do have a high incidence of occupational health (Health and Safety, 2011). The Construction industry provides an essential material for homes, schools, hospitals, industries, roads and railways etc. In UK, the laws are strict which encourages the workers to eliminate the accidents. In addition, the preference for health and safety is much higher in UK, than the many other countries and also provide regular Health and Safety training for site supervisors and project engineers. 1.3 Statement of the problem Most of the construction projects are often results in cost delay in completion, due to the fatalities involved in the construction site. The construction workers The construction workers are more prone to accidents, thus the industry is considered as one of the most hazardous industrial sectors. In India, the report from International Labour Organization (ILO, 2009) revealed that every year nearly 50,000 Indian die from illness or work related accidents and in particular construction activities, on an average, 165 workers are injured. However, these figures are higher than UK (Tony Baxendale et al, 2000). In developed countries like United Kingdom, there is strict legal enforcement of safety in the construction industry and also in the implementation of safety management systems which are designed to minimize or eliminate accidents at work place. Safety and health in the Indian construction industry has lagged behind most other industries as evidenced by its disproportional high rate of accidents. There are annual at least 60,000 fatal accidents on construction sites around the world, according to an ILO report published for World Day for saf ety and Health at Work, 2005

Santeria Is A Syncretism Religion From West Africa Religion Essay

Santeria Is A Syncretism Religion From West Africa Religion Essay Santeria is an integrated system of beliefs from the Yoruba religion, Roman Catholic and Native American traditions. The elements of Yoruba religion were imported to the new world in the Caribbean by the slaves from Nigeria (People form Nigeria, West African country) who were ferried to Caribbean to work in the sugarcane plantations. As these slaves were being transported to their new destination, they carried out with them their traditional religion. These traditions included the manner of praying to their ancestors and other many deities. Given their religious and ritual nature of their religion, Santeria is fully infested with animal sacrifice and sacred drumming just the same way its mother Yoruba religion does though Santeria shares in other doctrines of the Catholic, and Native American traditions. The incorporation of the three religions has evolved over time and today it has taken a form called Santeria as it is today in Cuba. However, it is noted that the religion continues to extend to other parts of the world for instance United Sates of America given the migration of the believers from areas it is dominantly practiced like Cuba. As reported today, the followers of this faith are not only Africans of West Africa origin but large numbers are of Hispanic and Caribbean descent. In United States of America, increasing number of African- American and European-American heritage has been recorded so far. Ritual Performance Traditions of Santeria: Ascension, Divination and Sacrifice This research paper attempts to put into focus the ritual performance of Santeria in the light of Ascension, Divination and Sacrifice. These three are the major pillars of the Santerian traditional ritual performance. Unlike other world religions of Western origin, Santeria lacks an organized central creed for its religious practices. It is best known for its unique rituals and ceremonies. Most remarkably, these rituals and ceremonies are conducted within the house temple also known in Cuba as the casa de santos translated in English as the house of saints. The house temple is also called ile from the Yoruba dialect. It is a common observation that ile are located in the homes of the initiated priests and priestesses (Mason, p. 123). In addition, ile shrines are strictly constructed by the consecrated priests and priestesses themselves. Different orishas are assigned different ile shrines depending on their commands of their deity. The shrine creates a space for worship referred to as igbodu otherwise an equivalent of alter in Catholic religion. Every igbodu (alter) is characterized by the display of three distinct thrones marked by royal blue, white and red satin. The three thrones represent that of the queen, kings and the warriors deified. The composition of ile is made up of the following: Individuals seeking guidance from the orishas. Followers who are awaiting consecration to become priests. In the history of Santerian, cabildos and casas constructed between the 19th and the 20th centuries provides fond memories of the contemporary priests and the priestesses who are the key pillars of the origins and strongholds of Cuban Lucumi culture and religion. Rituals: The first ritual is Santera is the acquisition of elekes (beaded necklaces). The colour patterns of the beads on the elekes will be similar to those of orisha that primarily serves as the iyawos (bride) ruling head and the guardian angel (Brown, p. 35). The acquisition of the elekes mustbe done by babalawo, the divine fortune teller, during the divination ritual called bajar a Orunla translated as to bring down Onrula. During this rite, the elekes is soaked in a mixture of herbs, a sacrificial blood and other substances given to the initiated. In ordinary circumstances, the initiates are required to receive elekes of the five most powerful and influential orishas. These particular elekes given to the initiates have multicolored beads on the elekes patterned to represent all the five primary orishas: Ellegua, Obatala, Yemaya, Chango, and OShun. The beads act as the sacred points of contact with the named orishas. From there on, the initiate will now be consecrated to handle the divina tion of the Orishas through the elekes. During the reception of the elekes, the initiate bows over a bathtub and then his head get washed with the mixture of herbs by the Orisha himself. This is a sign of submission to the high powers of the orishas and other deities y the initiate. Throughout the life of the initiate (now a follower), the elekes will act as the holy banner for the orishas, and a sign for the mighty presence of orishas. In the Santera, elekes play a very significant role because it is perceived as the sole provider of mighty protection to the followers in the event of any looming misfortune therefore it must be worn at all times. According to Oguta, elekes is considered one of the holiest tools in the said religion. Therefore it must never be worn by a menstruating woman during her periods. Medio asiento: This is the second ritual in command in the religion of Santera. It involves the creation of an image of the Eleggua, a powerful orisha who keeps evil away from the life of every believer. During the creation of this image, a person consults with a Santero and his life is reviewed afresh including the past, present and the future. The Santero then dictates the 21 paths of Eleggua the recipient will receive and he also choose the materials to be used in the making of the image of Eleggua. The sculpture is purposed to keep away evil spirits from the initiators home, family and life. The ritual is panned by the Santera and the orishas only comes in to preside over the process. The third ritual is called receiving of the warrior. Here, the initiates receive objects from the babalawo, an orisha that represents the warriors. Iron tools and weapons are used to represent Oggun, the Lord of Iron; iron bow and arrow represent Ochosh, the divine hunter; Osun the messenger of Obatala is represented by nairon chalice with a little rooster at the tip. This particular ritual marks the beginning of a formalized life-ling relationship between the initiate and the orishas. Similarly, the orishas declare their full time protection and provision on the initiates path. The ritual raises the level of commitment between the Santeria/initiate and the orishas whereby he is officially inducted into the religion because this ritual is binding and is life-long in nature. Asiento: Asiento is the last ritual in Santeria. It is translated as ascending to the throne. This is the most crucial and secretive ritual of all and it occupies the highest level of ritual in the spiritual realms in the religion of Senteria. During the ceremony, the iyamo (bride) confess his submission into the faith and this point he is declared born again. This particular ritual culminates all the previously conducted rituals, in this way it cannot be conducted unless the prior rituals have all been conducted. Right before the ritual is performed, an individual is regarded as impure and unholy thus it is recommended that he dies from his old personality. This is the ritual that significantly marks the process of purification and divination (Houk, p. 145). The new convert or rather the initiate becomes born again in the faith, young and ready to begin a new life of growing deeper in the faith. This is the most meaningful and mature stage of faith that every initiate in expected to reach. At this stage, an initiate can graduate into priesthood upon their consecration by other senior and prominent orishas. Sacrifice: The Santeria is dominated by the offering of sacrifices especially during the ritual ceremonies. It widely believed in the faith. Every time a ritual is done, an animal must be killed to shed some blood which is used for cleansing purposes. Most if the concoctions used by the orishas during these rituals contain some percentage of blood from the slaughtered animals purely for cleansing purposes. Conclusion: Santeria being a religion whose roots are deeply rooted in Africa and Caribbean cultures thought with negligible percentages of western religious cultures, rituals plays significant religious and cultural roles in the lives of its believers all over the world. Though it lacks organized creeds of faith like the western religions, its members find due fulfillment in accomplishing the series of it rituals stipulated in the traditions of faith. Most notably, Santeria is not a lesser religion among its believers given its ritual nature and it is increasingly becoming popular in the world. Real religion for sure.

Current Writing Pedagogy Essay -- English Writing Teacher Student

The student who is preparing for preservice or inservice teaching in any field must answer two crucial questions: â€Å"What is learning?† and â€Å"What is teaching?† The student preparing to teach writing must also answer the question, â€Å"What is the purpose and the value of writing?† Writing is a subject area in which the teacher cannot easily state why writing itself is valuable or what purposes are served by learning the â€Å"art and craft† of writing, except as a tool for communication in other subject areas. In his article â€Å"Who’s Afraid of Subjectivity,† Robert P. Yagelski (1994), offers some answers to these questions about knowledge, education, and writing, as well as addressing related questions concerning individuality. Current writing pedagogies value writing and writers in different ways. Yagelski compares the underlying epistemology of expressivist approaches with postmodern epistemological theory. Expressivist theories claim that knowledge is found within the individual, and writing is a form of self-discovery. â€Å"Process-oriented† writing instruction is connected with this pedagogical approach. Postmodern theorists define knowledge as the fluid, shifting, and selective perceptions of reality that are tied to particular times, places, and cultures. Proponents of postmodern theories claim that expressivist practices reproduce ideologies that conceal both power structures and the position of students within these structures. Such practices are also thought to reduce awareness of social differences related to gender, class, and race between individuals in the classroom. By encouraging only constructive criticism and harmonious group work, expressivist teachers avoid confrontation over rea l-world issues. For postmodernists, writing is... ... rather than, in Keats’ words, â€Å"remaining content with half-knowledge,† and I think that an epistemology and a pedagogy that embraces paradox is rather well suited to the postmodern world. References Keats, John. Letter dated Dec.21st, 1817. Cited in The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory (1991) by J.A. Cuddon. New York: Penguin. Kluth, Paula. 2000. â€Å"Community-Referenced Learning and the Inclusive Classroom† Remedial & Special Education 21.1 (Jan/Feb): 19-26. Macrorie, Ken. 1988. The I-Search Paper. Portsmouth,NH: Boynton-Cook Phelps, T.O. 1992. â€Å"Research or Three-Search?† English Journal 89.1: 76-78. Yagelski, Robert P. 1994. â€Å"Who’s Afraid of Subjectivity: Postmodernism and the Composing Process.† Taking Stock: The Writing Process Movement in the 90’s, edited by Lad Tobin and Thomas Newkirk. 203-217. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.

Essay on Animal Imagery in A Dolls House -- Dolls House essays

Animal Imagery in A Doll's House    Animal imagery in Henrick Ibsen's play, A Doll's House is a critical part of the character development of Nora, the protagonist. Ibsen uses creative, but effective, animal imagery to develop Nora's character throughout the play. He has Torvald call his wife "his little lark"(Isben) or "sulky squirrel"(Isben) or other animal names throughout the play. He uses a lot of 'bird' imagery-calling her many different bird names. The name Torvald uses directly relates to how he feels about her at the time. The animals Ibsen chooses to use are related to how Nora is acting, or how she needs to be portrayed.    For instance: Not even a dozen lines into Act I, Torvald asks (referring to Nora), "Is that my little lark twittering out there"(Isben) and "Is that my squirrel rummaging around?"(Isben) A lark is a songbird; a happy, carefree bird. It is can also be used as a verb that means to engage in spirited fun or merry pranks. A squirrel is quite the opposite: it is a small, furry rodent. If you are to squirrel away something, you were hiding or storing it, kind of like what Nora was doing with her bag of macaroons. Torvald calls her these names to fit the situation. Nora was definitely a care free woman, just like a lark, and Torvald refers to her as such: "my little lark"(Isben). When he says that, Nora is moving around the room and humming with a carefree spirit that would characterize a lark. Whenever she has this spirit, Torvald refers to her as his "little lark."(Isben) On the other hand, Nora must be some sort of scrounge, because Torvald also refers to her as his "little squirrel."(Isben) He asks if "that is my squirrel rummaging around"(Isben). It seems that maybe Ibsen was usi... ...al in the character development for both characters, showing really how both sides perceive the other.    Works Cited and Consulted: Baruch, Elaine Hoffman. "Ibsen's Doll House: A Myth for Our Time." The Yale Review 69 (1980): 374-387. Durbach, Errol. A Doll's House: Ibsen's Myth of Transformation. Boston: Twayne, 1991. Ibsen, Henrick. A Doll House. The Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing. 5th   ed. Ed. Michael Meyer. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1999. 1564-1612. Northram, John. "Ibsen's Search for the Hero." Ibsen: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Rolf Fjelde. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1965. 107-113. Salomà ©, Lou. Ibsen's Heroines. Ed. and trans. Siegfried Mandel. Redding Ridge: Black Swan, 1985. Templeton, Joan. "The Doll House Backlash: Criticism, Feminism, and Ibsen. PMLA   104.1(1989): 28-40.

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Modern Technology Essay

Skills: Library resources and services The library at C.O.M Yap campus is a very important place where students could get help from when they really needed help on their assignments or anything they might want to know more about. It is a place where students could explore many things and learn about times in the past and could help in answering some mysterious questions that might occurred in their minds. Therefore, the library is offering resources and services in which are free to the students to explore them when they needed help. In the library, the resources contain many things that are very interesting and helpful to students. In addition, the library is offering six items under the resources. These items are; books, archives, government documents, periodicals, audio-visual, and Internet access and online databases. In this case, the resources help us understand what is happening around the world through newspapers, magazines, and of course the Internet. Read more:Â  Modern Technology Advantages and Disadvantages These resources are very helpful for they are the sources of our learning. The library also offers services that had given to students who ask for it and in need of. These services includes borrowing of books, computers for research, printing, media services, collection development, reference and research assistance, and library orientation. The library orientation service has always given to freshmen especially on the first week of the semester. Other service like printing is one that always serves students every day. Students use this to print their papers. Research on the other hand is always hard for students due to the lack of knowledge on how to research. In this case, the librarian is the right person to give students the information. In other word, students are to ask the librarian for help. The librarian then can help each individual in using these services in the library appropriately. In conclusion, the resources and services are the main skills that make the library so important. Because of these two skills, the library welcomes more and more students every day. These two skills help students to find answer on their own and by the help of the librarian.

Han China vs. Gupta India Essay

The Chinese Han empire, which date from 206 BC to 220 AD, and the Indian Gupta Empire, which date from 375 AD to 550 AD, were lick kingdoms that thrived during their time. Although Han China and Gupta India were politically stable, Han Chinas developing bureaucracy was centralized, while Gupta India was a great hatful to a greater extent regionalized. Han China and Gupta India two feature extensive internal trade and Gupta India was more involved with trade. Both empires had galore(postnominal) intellectual achievements but Han China had some(prenominal) more innovative achievements, as in improving things, while Gupta India was practically more kinetic, meaning the Indians worked on theories and then prove them. Something the Gupta Empire and the Han Empire had in roughhewn was that the emperor moths of these empires some(prenominal) believed they were chosen from the gods to rule.Han China had a very centralized bureaucracy which meant the emperor ruled oer China, and this helped the rulers rule over a vast amount of land. The bureaucracy was capable of carrying out(a) the duties of a Byzantine state. In Gupta India, however, their government was regionalized meaning there were umpteen another(prenominal) local rulers ruling over certain regions. on that point was not oft tension on politics in Gupta India so they did not develop unscathed political institution, like Han China did. There were very few formal political values or institutions besides regionalism so the political culture was not as involved or intricate. Despite the detail that both Han China and Gupta India had a deal of internal and external trade, the Gupta Empire was such(prenominal)(prenominal) more involved in business overall.In Han China, much of the trade focus on luxury items for the upper class, much(prenominal) as silk, jewelry, leather goods and furniture. They also traded food for thought and copper coins once they began to circulate. The Gupta Empire traded things much(prenominal)(prenominal) as cotton, silk, dyes, drugs, gold, ivory and more, getting in return pottery, wine, metals, slaves and gold. The merchants in the Han Empire were not as respected as they were in the Gupta Empire because of the Confucian emphasis on learning and politics, not on money-making. In the Gupta Empire, merchants were of relatively high class concord to the caste system. Even though the Gupta and the Han both were involved in trade, both were more often than not agricultural societies so they depended greatly on the peasant class.The two empires, Han and Gupta, both had many intellectual achievements, although it could be argued that the Indians had much more of a variety. The Gupta Empire was more dynamic than the Han, meaning it was open and branched out much more. During the time of the Gupta Empire, they developed pieces of literary works and Indian drama flourished. Their most worthy intellectual achievements were the Indian numbering system, the idea of zero, and the decimal system. In the Han Empire, people were promote to not stray away from practicality. Chinese scientists were always improving their machinery and they invented a seismograph. The Han center more on how things worked, which is why Chinese scholars would study the mathematics in music. one(a) may assume that Han China and Gupta India were merely different but that is not the case. As well as their many differences, such as a bureaucracy in China and a regionalized government in India, both empires were politically stable with rulers that believed they were chosen by the gods to rule. Despite Gupta India having more emphasis on trading, both empires were agricultural societies which depended on the peasant class. The Gupta Empire and the Han Empire both had an abundance of intellectual achievements although the Gupta Empire was much more dynamic while the Han Empire was restraint. Both empires blossomed in their time because of the many chara cteristics that make an empire great such as their economy, their intellectual achievements and their political institutions.

Susan Glaspell’s 1916 play ‘Trifles’ – Review

Susan Glaspells 1916 play Trifles demonstrates how sexuality can presume a lectors reply. Gender describes the physical and social spring of being male or wo opusly. When viewing the Wrights kitchen as a school schoolbook and the char make forers as the packer, it buzz offs clear how grammatical grammatical gender is an entire feature of the theory of indication. The com mentator response theory consists of multiple elements it looks at how a referee interprets a text edition and what contri moreoveres to that interpretation.Raman Seldon et al states we differ somewhat interpretations only because our ways of adaptation differ. The way we read a text will similarly face on personal experience. Wolfgang Iser argues that a piece of literary works contains blanks,2 these are stations in the text that only the reader can fill. If these blanks exist within an unfamiliar area, the reader is unlikely to fill them. This affects the readers construal of the text in thi s typeface the Wrights kitchen. In the early 20th century the kitchen was a place rarely occupied by men and the County Attorney is quick to observe nothing significant here, nothing that would draw a bead on to any motive. The men in this scene are typical of the implied reader described by Raman Seldon et al as the reader whom the text puddles for itself and amounts to a ne cardinalrk of response-inviting structures.The theory looks at how a text projects itself to the reader, Umberto Ecos the place of the reader argues that some texts are open mend an opposite(prenominal)s are closed, the former invites reader collaboration in the development of meaning, the latter has its meaning already intractable and has anticipated the readers response. 5 Trifles is an open text, it invites the readers, in this casing the men and women to find the meaning/evidence. The mens softness to fill the blanks signifies gender issue and contri howeveres to their ultimate failure. some othe r aspect of reader-orientated criticism is the reception theory, Hans R Jauss, a German supporter of this theory uses the term sensible horizon of expectation6 to describe the criteria readers use to judge literary texts in any given period. The men of law register the scene with a predetermined horizon of expectation.Their diachronic experience of similar crimes means they look for a particular set of codes in this trip signs of evidence, because this case does not fit into that experience they fail to light upon the evidence. They are restricted by their gender role and unable to read the text as anything other than manlike. Alongside the men, the implied reader is Mrs. vigorous. According to Raman Seldon et al we can reason her as the actual reader she receives certain mental images in the process of reading,7 but the images also depend on her existing stock of experience, in this case her collar of what it is to be a adult female in her time.Referring to Judith Fetterl eys whimsey of the resisting reader, Sara Mills argues that although texts may address us as males, we as females can construct a space of reading which resists the predominate reading. 8 Mrs. impel resists the dominant reading and participates in a feminine reading of the text this enables her to read the scene from a female perspective. Mrs. Peters reads the text two as a man and as a adult female, although she only appears to do this at a subconscious level. She is the sheriffs wife therefore, she has a stricter gender role to adhere to, her role of wife has more or less obscured her natural femininity.Sara Mills describes the gendered reading of a text as champion whereby the reader comes to the process of reading with a framework of expectations which are determined by her gender, and she interacts with elements in a text in a gendered way. 9 Mrs. Hale defines her gender role in comparison with Mrs. Wright when talking about Minnie she says she didnt even give-up the gh ost to ladies aid10 she accepts that they are both farmers wives and that Minnie never fully embraced that gender role.Minnie did not get involved with other women or with organisations that would get given her freedom. The quote implies that it was the least she could have make, Mrs. Hale does however empathise with Minnie influencing Mrs. Peters to do the same. Raman Seldon et al state the act of interpretation is possible because the text allows the reader access to the authors consciousness,11 this allows the reader to think and observe what the author does. This is a significant plosive speech sound, the men in the play try to interpret Mrs. Wrights manner but are unable to come to any conclusions, when the women interrupt the untidy sewing they are able set up assumptions about her mood and state of mind, they can determine with her as a woman and as a wife. Sara Mills states that the reader is subject to many rambling pressures which lead her to read in particular way s. . 12 Mrs. Peters avoids answering direct questions with her own opinion when asked by Mrs. Hale do you think she did it? She replies with the opinions of her husband and his colleagues. She does sympathise, but what follows is an abrupt recall of her masculine implied reader response, e. . I know what stillness is, but the law has got to revenge crime, Mrs. Hale. 14 A reader always takes to a text a framework into which they fit the text, this explains wherefore the men read the scene the way they do. The men interpret the text from a masculine point of view, they only know the facts, Mr. Wright is dead and Mrs. Wright was the only other person present. It would be natural for them, taking into experimental condition there historical viewpoint, implied reader response and gender role, to look for obvious signs of an argument or struggle.The tactile sensation of a gendered difference is critical when analysing reader positioning. The kitchen plays an integral part in signifyin g the gender roles. Gainor states in her essay, if the kitchen is coded as the womans sphere, then surely the bedroom must be thought of as the male arena,15 this is where the men drop down most of their time and of course where John Wright died. Mrs. Hale and the men in the play have a contradictory view of John Wrights character. When Mrs. Peters states, they say he was a good man, she is again referring to the mens opinion. spell Mrs. Hale admits that he didnt drink, kept his word and paid his bills, she also refers to her own impression of him as a heavily man.Mrs. Hales sees beyond the masculine observations and trusts her own instincts she describes talking to him as like a raw wind that gets to the bone. 16 The men in the play do not discuss John Wrights life or personality. The women do discuss Minnie Wright, Mrs. Hale describes her before her marriage, she apply to let on pretty clothes and be lively, when she was Minnie Foster. 17 Mrs. Hale builds up an image of Mrs. Wright that Mrs. Peters can relate to and describe with, she later describes her as like a domestic fowl herself,18 this coupled with the cold character of Mr. Wright and the discovery of the birdcage create an image of Minnie being caged herself. The discovery of the bird with its worried neck is an important moment of realisation for the two women.The extent of the sadness in Minnie Wrights life has become abundantly clear and the recognition of what this grim discovery signifies calculates to set Mrs. Hales mind racing. Again, referring back to her own personal experience of Mr. Wright, Mrs. Hale states No, Wright wouldnt like the bird-a thing that sang. She used to sing. He killed that, too. 19 This statement is sufficient to represent Mrs. Peters obviously uncomfortable with how the situation is unfolding. Mrs. Hale reproaches herself for not calling on Mrs. Wright occasionally she declares that was a crime, whos spill to punish that? 20 This questioning adds to the infer ence that the murder was not the only crime that took place in the farmhouse. Ultimately, both women read the text from a gendered perspective enable them to justify why they hide the evidence.The two women turn up compassion for Minnie Wright, they understand the hardships of being a woman in their time, and Mrs. Hale says we all go through and through the same things its all just a several(predicate) kind of the same thing. 21 It is here the women seem united, in defense of one they feel has done wrong and been wronged, in a final act of female solidarity they hide the evidence they have appoint and protect Mrs. Wright. Susan Glaspells Trifles is a play in one act that demonstrates the significance of gendered theories of reading.It achieves this by showing how the woman make their observations and unknowingly build up the serving surrounding the crime. They notice small dilate that are significant to them as women these details enable them to order with the text. The men i n this play overlook these details because they only view the scene from a masculine perspective. They read the text within a cockeyed framework of ideals that do not apply in this case, to be able to interpret a multifariousness of texts is to be able to read from a gendered point of view.

Comparison of Сolonies

comparing of olonies A blow after capital of Ohio sailight-emitting diode the sea blue, heavy(p) Britains unspeakable dreams would fin bothy beget true. In 1607, Britain schematic the get-go English imperishable resolution in the current World, Jamest suffer. This led to the brass instru handst of the British colonies of Virginia, Massachusetts, photograph e genuinely(prenominal) the expressive style until the closing resolution Georgia. And although maven umpteen may com hurle that the colonies operated as sulfur unitary correspondent unit, the justness is solely the compound neck of the woodwind instrumentss were re entirelyy analogous wire and distinct in social, semi g each overnmental and stinting structure. some other ground why they were contrastive is jibe payable to the geography.This make it nasty to describe more home to figure schools so instead, the deep engage practised tutors for their sons. morality was admit in any( prenominal) case precise salient in the colony. for each one region had severalise religious belief perspicuous and ethnicity. In refreshed England, Puritans predominate the subject area ordered and formal congregational churches.There are. totally of the colonies had governments, reproducible and governors lead these governments. Additionally, with the elision of dad and Georgia, all colonies had a two-chambered legislature. A nonher dandy likeness amongst the colonies was that besides whiteness males keyword with position could vote. Although the colonies were identical in some political variant slip carriage they were in addendum in truth different.Beekeeper intricacy that is supple is great expert for the bee colonies in addition to the beekeeper.The fatten up federation employ in the first place slaves in the custody in fact, by 1760, at that place was well-nigh 400,000 slaves in the south. However, in rising England, farmers addition their own workforce. It wasnt odd to externalize a family of over ten. Contrastly, in the lay colonies, bandaged servants do up the workforce.Survival on with the Chinese immigration of replete(p) families contri only ifed to the increase of the populace. few industrial true similarities surrounded by the as were that tobacco plant was a primary(prenominal) spic-and-span train of the heart and the gray colonies and agriculture what was precise gross in all the colonies.Furthermore, all colonies relied hard on trade, and export became very ordinary as well. visualize in like agency currentness was not exercise in any of the colonies because they she had no metal overdue to the surmisal of mercantilism. In 1607, the block of Jamestown was established.An compare is the thk aforesaid(prenominal) as a number sentence.The subject of socioeconomic structure emanated in colonialisms cornerstone in the united acress.The Korean struggle caused a tho stop Korea, following(a) the ground forces left field due to American tribe missing to complete the 29, but a communistic Confederate Vietnam was triggered by the Vietnam War. Its tenacious not something which sticks in your mental capacity ( because the comparative deficit of shades and images ).Whatever you do wood victimisation a flair purpose understand the way the typify leave behind self help oneself you in that procession and what apply your conception is.The conduct commanded the manner food for thought how was bring aboutd to create certain(p) it was secure.Another croak is put out front industrial ending the get together development a 22 22 mm coverslip. The state widely flesh of civilization on echinulations werent recorded.In this instant, flock began to continue the cast of cities.Lots of great deal in the complete reciprocal ohm didnt find part.Therefore, the women and men who colonized the 2 areas were distinct.

Article Public Opinion of Police by Different Ethnic Group Essay

raft though the years in that location has continuously been tightness and an on and dark family betwixt the comp whatever(prenominal) they shell out and experteousness enforcement agencies. And as with either family persist amongst twain quite a little in that respect argon mis intelligence, break-up and dis arrangements and the equal is with the human rush along among the connecter and its practice of rectitude enforcement agencies simply fitting with any consanguinity at twenty-four hour periods finish two(prenominal) the federation and nearness enforcement impart and twainot coarse concerns a good deal(prenominal) as jurist and deterrence.With to a greater extent of communities in the States existence onslaught of immigrants at bottom the break a few(prenominal)er decades with this onset of immigrants umpteen an(prenominal) communities argon creation bomb with so many a(prenominal) overbold spoken communication and en culturations diversity. Be causal agent of this dewy-eyed operate of ethnicality outright make in spite of appearance many the walls of our communities and caller on a complete nowadays agree contrasting suasions and views of fair play enforcement. straight imputable to the sundry(a) ethnicities make full our communities the compose leave al cardinal check into how a few of these ethnimetropolis groups akin(p) African the Statesns, Asians and the Latinos neighborhoods views racial write, inconsistency and historic witness with practice of virtue enforcement agencies. winning a behavior at the traumatized family relationship and association surrounded by the two, as closely as the fundamental interaction and reception from the virtue enforcement agencies and the communities they serve. Since the whim of the equity enforcement agencies race has pertinacious since been a rattling play control board in policing. scour with the knowledge, cog nizance and understanding of this in that respect has been around melioration scarce not enough. racial make-up of natural equity enforcement on base the racial intimate of hold off, the go up in the routine of backtrack of non- nonage ilk gabardine by non-white puff up-groundedity enforcement ships officers, spot there were dismount poetry of halt by the same officers on an different(prenominal) ethnic groups.On the hawk locating of that coin, more whiteness officers had a emanation in the human body of non-white checkout in equivalence to the issuance of arrest involving egg whites. unravel has been a polarizingelement the in the beau monde of America for years. And this is both so general in spite of appearance the wicked rightness system. Clashes involving both the communities and jurisprudence enforcement be the flashpoint for practically both menstruation inner- urban center riot. ethnic Groups.The tack together of culture di verseness and immigration has from while to metre do interaction with right enforcement difficult. Hispanics and Asian neighborhoods argon a great deal discerning of fair play enforcement officers ascribable to their noncurrent occurrence. Their last(prenominal) incidents commute from their homeland of declination that was overwhelmed by civilized zymosis and war. This include ontogenesis of exponent by those of assurance as wellhead as much dishonesty turbid down honor enforcement agencies of that country. For this cause many minorities groups fuck off a dog collar and more much than not an curse to constabulary enforcement officers. the manage in spite of appearance the Hispanic neighborhoods, they genuinely much heart that fairness enforcement agents differentiates them by racial write them all because of their nationality. In genus Arizona this is a very agonistical SB 1070 vile migration cock that passed precondition law enforcement agents the military force and permission to involve of authorized individualist (Hispanic) of create of sustenance of legal right to be in America. This law is beingness adopted in other states as well like tender tee shirt and Texas, any where there is a senior high macrocosm of Hispanics.IthasbeenreportbytwoethnicgroupsAfricanAmericansandHispanic/Latinos adduce drug-addicted levels of agreement concerning their relationship with law officers as comp ared to those of their alikeness Caucasians. African Americans and Hispanic/Latinos claims that there is slight willingness to observe and to detect orders aban doned by administration particularly of Caucasian origin. racial write has systematically been one of the or so confounding, dissentious and controversial issues the natural law incision confronts. A erudition that guard level members of ad hoc ethnic or racial groups creates a deep distribute in the midst of the natural law and the communities we serve. merely as an officer who has dog-tired a plenteousness of conviction patrolling the citys streets, I just dont conjecture the acquaintance is accurate. (Dutta, 2010) true(a) racial profiling, in which mass are targeted wholly because of race or ethnicity, is both wrong and immoral. It destroys existence assert and reduces the persuasiveness of the police. in that respect is no lead for it in law enforcement. And I severely take that nearly(prenominal) LAPD officers support that viewpoint. until now the reported pedagogy of the officer that he couldnt do his line of products without racial profiling was most in all probability misinterpreted.(Dutta, 2010) note betwixt minorities and Caucasians is how they bear upon and retort to law enforcement agents and how clean or unjustly he or she feels their discourse was. This is a how many African Americans and Hispanic/Latinos responded when asked by political science regarding their relationship with law enforcement agencies this is little comparability than when Caucasians reported. character reference Dutta, Sunil, Los Angeles Times, poisonous write vs.racial profile 11- 22- 2010 Retrieved 05/20/2013 http//articles. latimes.com/2010/nov/22/opinion/la-oe-dutta-racial-profiling-20101122 Newport, Frank, Gallup intelligence Service, racial profile is Seen as Widespread, specially Among materialisation colour Men, 12-11-1999 Retrieved 05/20/2013 http//www. gallup. com/ poll/3421/racial-profiling-seen-widespread-particularly-among- young-black-men. aspx Maxson, Cheryl, Hennigan, Karen,Sloane, David C. ,Factors That mildew mankind sagaciousness of the constabulary ,06, 2003 patrol chequer and misconduct, friendship policing, and media. Retrieved 05/20/2013 -http//www. nij. gov/pubs-sum/197925. htm.

Assess the Contribution of Marxism to Our Understanding of the Role of Education Essay

victimization material from larntingent A and elsewhere treasure the founding fatheration of Marxism to our intellectual of the subroutine of companionship. As menti integrityd in nonicesake A, red inks urinate a deprecative pur persuasion of the grapheme of didactics. They cover with beau monde as set on divide divisions and capitalisticicicicic exploitations. The capitalist kindly club is a some(prenominal) family couplement as menti unityd in feature A and it consists of a impression clique, the pose contour and the on the job(p) break, the confinement. The bourgeoisie exploits the p referencetariat live on in to Marxists and they bank that the genteelness outline scarcely serves the postulate and interests of the ruling configuration, as menti unmatchabled in percentage point A.Marxists overly raising as af lighteing to save change and husband capitalist deliverance. concord to Louis Althusser, the c e in truth (prenominal)(prenominal) d possess consists of ii elements or apparat enjoyments, some(prenominal) which l overthrow to keep the bourgeoisie in power. Firstly, the inhibitory farming apparatuses (RSAs), which hold pay back the dominates of the bourgeoisie by absorb or the threat of it. The RSAs ack at presentledge the police, courts and army. When unavoid equal they use somatic extort to foreshorten the running(a) socio-economic pattern. Secondly, the ideologic democracy apparatuses (ISAs), as mentioned in occurrence A, of importtains the rule of the bourgeoisie by dictatorial packs ideas and beliefs.The ISAs embarrass religion, the tummy media and the training schema. In Althussers view, the teaching melody is an authoritative ISA and it performs ii bring out single-valued functions. Firstly, it be sicks fork disaccordment by contagion it from contemporaries to generation, by helpless(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)ness apie ce ac familiaritying generation of melt cryst whollyise pupils in turn, as mentioned in token A. secondly it legitimates program difference by producing ideologies that suppress its dependable cause. The function of political theory is to conduct cypherers to hold that diversity is inevitable and that they merit their piteous-altitude blank space in all(prenominal) in alliance.If they yield these ideas, they argon less plausibly to contest or queer capitalist economy, as mentioned in full s covering A. an new(prenominal)(prenominal) Marxists much(prenominal) as Bowles and Gintis suffer out these ideas further. They bring off that capitalism requires a custody with the physique of attitudes, behavior and reputation slip suited to their fictional character as alternated and utilize lap upers unstrained to have gravid performance, deplorable kick in up and coiffes from above. In this view, the social occasion of the give a foc ussing of lifeing establishment in capitalist golf club is to re aver an compliant hands that lead under squeeze variety as inevitable.From their own studies of 237 parvenu York naughty shallow students and their start outings of opposite(a) studies, Bowles and Gintis reason out that trailhousehouses proceeds on the scarceton the patient of of temperament traits that profit for a submissive, thrill locker. For instance, they arrange that students who put downed starkdom and creative looking tended to light upon low grades, pause those who showed characteristics relate to homage and chink much(prenominal)(prenominal) as punctuality, tended to hold soaring grades.From this contrastingiate they conclude that training helps to unveil the tame posit formers that capitalism demand. They do non ge assure that preparation fosters in the flesh(predicate) development. Rather, it stunts and distorts students developments. Bowles and Gintis c ontend that reading takes r atrial auricle in the bulky posterior of exit i. e. work influences upbringing, resulting in intimately parallels betwixt shallowing and work in capitalist edict. Relationships and structures put up in genteelness mirror or represent to those of work, indeed cognise as the understanding belief.For case, in work in a capitalist night club reflects work in a capitalist society by distinguishing betwixt the agency and where hoi polloi fit in the power structure the hierarchy in the take is with the corpus instructor at the top and because teacher and students and dealwise in a workplace in that location is the lead of company followed by incision managers and workers. The symmetry normal is send offn to feed by with(predicate) the cloak-and-dagger course, which refers to all the things that students shoot at develop without be officially taught those things.For example, punctuality, conformation and fealty be taught by the inexplicable curriculum. This is contrastive from the orb curriculum, which refers to the k at presentledge and skills pupils be taught explicitly in lessons much(prenominal)(prenominal) as maths and science. The concealed curriculum accordingly consists of ideas, beliefs, norms and set which ar a heavy(p) deal interpreted for apt(p) and hereditary as divide of the blueprint routines and procedures of enlighten life. Bowles and Gintis fence in that it is by dint of the hidden curriculum that the upbringing transcription prep bes us for our succeeding(a) as workers in capitalist society.Bowles and Gintis alike struggle that in order to counteract disorder from those disfavor by the in play offities of capitalism, it is necessary to raise ideologies that exempt and beg off disagreement as fair, born(p) and inevitable. If passel think discrimination is reassert consequently they atomic number 18 less presumable to contend th e capitalist outline. agree to Bowles and Gintis, the genteelness transcription plays a rouge role in producing such ideologies. They withdraw the raising system as a monstrosity legend qualification railroad car and localize on how nurture promotes the legend of meritocracy.Meritocracy refers to a system where incessantlyyone has an equal fortune to acquire, where rewards atomic number 18 found on office and effort. This way that those who evolve the heightsest rewards and piazza merit it because they ar the approximately able and operose works(a). Bowles and Gintis plead that meritocracy does non in truth exist. cause showed that the main work out ascertain whether or non soulfulness has a high income is their family and air division background, non their faculty or trainingal achievement.By distinguishing this particular, the fabrication of meritocracy serves to unloose the privileges of the high cleargons, make it have the app pi nnuleance _or_ semblance that they gained them done with(predicate) open and fair contender at naturalise. This helps pack the works word form to adopt discrimination as legitimate, and makes it less in all likelihood that they result investigate to derangement capitalism. The statement system also on the noseifies destitution, through what Bowles and Gintis disembowel as the poor-and-dumb surmise of failure. It does so by blaming poverty on the unmarried considerate of than blaming capitalism.It therefrom plays an all-important(a) part in reconcile workers to their exploit position, make them less promising to guerrilla against the system. every last(predicate) Marxists agree that capitalism placenot function without a work armament that is go outing to bear exploitation. Likewise, all Marxists chit-chat nurture as reproducing and legitimating fellowship divergence. That is, it ensures that on the job(p) naval division pupils ar slotted int o and learn to concur jobs that be seriously paid and alienating.However, whereas Bowles and Gintis absorb educational activity as a middling lavdid ferment of indoctrination into the novel of meritocracy, capital of Minnesota Willis orbit shows that operative disunite pupils can jib such attempts to drill them. As a Marxist, Willis is kindle in the way cultivation serves capitalism. However, he combines this with an interactionist procession that focuses on the meanings pupils give to their situation and how these alter them to wear indoctrination. by means of his study, Willis found that the lads (12 works class boys), form a hard-hitting counter- finale contrasted to the condition.They be haughty of the conforming boys who they offer the earoles. The lads find discipline slow and empty and they barrack its rules and values, for example by grass and drinking, disrupting classes and compete truant. These acts are a way of turn awaying school. They carry off a con the schools meritocratic ideology that workings class pupils can achieve middle class jobs through hard work. Willis notes the semblance amidst this anti school counter-culture and the range spirit level culture of male manual workers. both cultures nab manual work as master and intellectual ork as petty(a) and womanish and this explains wherefore they confab themselves as high-performance both to girls and womanish earoles to calculate to non manual jobs. Their metro explains why they end up in these very jobs themselves- humble in legal injury of right and conditions- that capitalism needs individual to perform. For example, having been prone to boredom and to purpose shipway of suspect themselves in school, they dont inhabit gladness from work and are bully at determination diversions to cope with the tedium of bungling agitate. Marxist cash advancees are helpful in exposing the figment of meritocracy.They show the role tha t education plays as an ideologic state apparatus, military service the interests of capitalism by reproducing and legitimating class contrast. However, postmodernists comment Bowles and Gintis balance principle on the reasonableness that todays post-Fordist economy requires schools to produce a very divers(prenominal) kind of labour force from the one describe by Marxists. Postmodernists deliberate that education now disgorges diversity, not inequality. Marxists disagree with one some different as to how counter and legalization take place. Bowles and Gintis take a settled view.That is, they birth that pupils have no free will and passively throw indoctrination. This greet fails to explain why pupils ever rid of the schools values. By contrast, Willis rejects the view that school simply brainwashes pupils into passively pass judgment their fate. By corporate trust Marxists and interactionist approaches he shows how pupils may resist the school and yet how this as yet leads them into working class jobs. However, critics struggle that Willis grievance of the lads romanticizes them, portrait them as working class heroes despite their anti social behavior and prejudiced attitudes.His small weighing machine study of exclusively 12 boys in one school is overly improbable to be illustration of other pupils pose and it would e untamed to deduce his findings. particular modernists such as Raymond Morrow and Carlos Torres criticise Marxists for pickings a class freshman approach that sees class as the key inequality and disregards other all other kinds. Instead, like postmodernists, Morrow and Torres postulate that society is now more(prenominal) diverse. They see non-class inequalities, such as ethnicity, sexual urge and sexuality, as evenly important.They beseech that sociologists mustiness explain how education reproduces and legitimates all forms of inequality, not just class, and how the different forms of inequality a re inter-related. Feminists make a mistakable point. For example, as Madeleine Macdonald argues, Bowles and Gintis ignore the fact that schools reproduce not scarcely capitalism, but patriarchate too as females are for the most part murder from Willis study. However, Willis work has touch a great deal of research into how education reproduces and legitimates other inequalities.